IKAN HARUAN

IKAN HARUAN

Ikan haruan atau nama saintifiknya Channa striatus merupakan spesis ikan air tawar karnivor dan popular di negara ini.
Populariti ikan haruan bukan sahaja sebagai sajian makanan atau sumber protein semata-mata tetapi menjangkau sehingga kepada penggunaan dalam perubatan.

Di kalangan masyarakat Melayu, ikan haruan digunakan dalam perubatan tradisional iaitu untuk rawatan dalaman terutama ibu yang baru lepas bersalin.
Hal yang sama juga berlaku bagi masyarakat Cina dan India dan masyarakat lain yang juga terkenal dengan penggunaan ikan haruan sebagai rawatan tradisional.

Para penyelidik telah menemui sesuatu yang menarik dalam ikan haruan iaitu terdapat 17 jenis asid amino dalam ikan haruan antaranya glycine, alanine, praline, isoleucine, leucine, methanine dan throenine yang secara realitifnya lebih tinggi dalam spesis berkenaan berbanding yang lain.

Selain protein itu, ikan haruan juga mengandungi lemak dan kedua-dua merupakan komponen biokimia penting dalam proses penyembuhan luka.

Ekologi:

Terdapat 30 spesis dalam famili Channidae dan lapan daripadanya terdapat di negara ini termasuk haruan Channa striatus, Toman Channa micropeltes dan Bujuk Channa lucius. Haruan biasanya hidup dalam air cetak sedalam kira-kira satu meter. keruh dan tenang pada suhu 20 dan 30 darjah Celsius. Dengan sifat karnivor, haruan makan haiwan kecil termasuk ikan, reptilia dan amfibia.

Kelakuan/Tabiat:

Spesis ini mempunyai tabiat berenang ke air bersih dan mencari makanan di kawasan yang banyak makanan. Ketika musim kemarau ikan tersebut menyorok dalam lumpur dan keluar semula apabila keadaan kembali normal.


Reproduksi:

Secara semulajadi haruan membiak beberapa minggu sebelum musin hujan dan anak-anak ikan membesar kepada saiz dewasa bagi menghadapi musim banjir. Ini menjadi satu strategi bagi mengelakkan pemangsa seperti ular, burung dan sebagainya.

Penternakan:

Haruan membiak sama ada secara semulajadi atau juga di ladang ternakan termasuk teknik aruhan. Ikan ini mampu membiak sehingga 1,000 ekor anak ikan dan dalam kolam konkrit dengan kedalaman tiga kaki dan stok antara 2,000 dan 3,000 ekor bergantung kepada saiz kolam. Ia memerlukan empat bulan untuk membesar mencapai saiz pasaran seberat 250gm.

(Sumber Utusan Malaysia)

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Defining Water Quality

Defining water quality
Do You Meet The Five Point Standard?
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Water quality and fish health
The single, most important factor affecting fish health and influencing disease in fish ponds and tanks is water quality. Raised levels of ammonia or nitrite, sub-optimum pH and water hardness levels or a high level of organic pollution will be stressful to koi and other fish; predisposing them to disease. If we are to create healthy, optimum conditions and prevent disease, it is important to be clear what is actually meant by good water quality.
Water quality - not clarity
Many fish keepers tend to judge water by its clarity. Whilst clear water is obviously desirable, just because water is clear it does not necessary mean that it is good water. After all, concentrated hydrochloric acid is crystal clear and so is water heavily laced with arsenic! Fish want a little more than just clear water – indeed, they possibly prefer it slightly murky and green. If we are serious about providing good conditions the question we should ask is what do fish want ?
1. Low ammonia and nitrite
Fish are constantly polluting their own environment and producing ammonia. Both ammonia and nitrite are highly dangerous, causing stress and physical damage to sensitive tissues. A major, major requirement of any fish keeping system is no detectable levels of either. This particularly applies to new set-ups (new pond syndrome) and heavily stocked fish ponds. Biological filtration may be needed to maintain optimum levels.
2. Chemically clean water
The water should be chemically clean and free of chemicals such as pesticides, chlorine, heavy metals, organophosphates and chemicals used to treat fish diseases. The presence of any toxic chemicals, even at fairly low levels, may be harmful. OK, we do have to treat fish from time to time - the point is to realise that any chemical treatment will compromise water quality, and for the duration, conditions (from the fish’s perspective) will be less than optimal.
3. Water hardness, pH and temperature
Different species of fish have specific requirements for essential water parameters such as pH, water hardness, alkalinity and temperature. Conditions outside of what are fairly narrow limits are liable to create stress. Water that fails to meet these criteria cannot for obvious reasons be considered good water quality
4. Low levels of organic pollution
In addition to fish waste, the pond or tank is also being continuously polluted with uneaten food, algae and other detritus. As this organic matter decomposes it produces many organic and inorganic compounds. Biological filtration will take care of ammonia and nitrite, but there may be a build up of dissolved and particulate organic compounds. High levels of organics (POCs and DOCs) can create conditions that encourage disease, parasites and opportunistic bacteria. Water with high levels of organic matter cannot be considered good water quality.
5. Stability not fluctuation
Depending on the water chemistry, stocking levels and pond design, it is possible to have substantial fluctuations of pH, temperature and other parameters over a 24-hour period. Constant changes - even if they stay within the preferred range are liable to be extremely stressful, as the fish have to constantly adapt to changing conditions. An example might be pH that varies between, say 7 in the morning, rising to 9-10 in the evening on a hot sunny day. Apart from stressing the fish, it will have other implications for other water chemistry aspects such as ammonia and many common disease treatments. Water that constantly fluctuates in quality and conditions cannot be said to be good water quality
Hopefully, this overview has given food-for-thought about what we mean by good water quality. Based on these criteria, how many of us can honestly claim to have excellent water quality all of the time? The rest of the pages in the water quality section explain more about water; how it is formed, how variations in quality or chemistry can affect fish health and what steps to take to create optimum conditions for your fish.

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KEPENTINGAN ILMU DALAM PENTERNAKAN

KEPENTINGAN ILMU DALAM PENTERNAKAN

Kekurangan ilmu tentang pemeliharaan yang betul boleh menyebabkan penternak berdepan kerugian
Bakal penternak ikan keli perlu terlebih dahulu mendalami ilmu-ilmu akuakultur untuk membolehkan mereka mengimport hasil ternakan yang berkualiti dan memenuhi permintaan pasaran.

Ilmu penternakan yang diperolehi dari kursus-kursus amat berguna untuk menambah kemahiran dan pengalaman usahawan agar projek yang diusahakan mendatangkan keuntungan.

Untuk mencebur bidang yang memberi hasil yang lumayan, kita perlu ilmu. Ilmu penting supaya apa yang diusaha menjadi kualiti. Oleh itu, kita perlu mempelajari ilmu akuakultur dengan berkursus

Sindrom ‘mabuk keli’ di Malaysia juga menyebabkan ramai usahawan tergila-gila untuk memelihara ikan tersebut dengan kuantiti yang banyak dan seterusnya menanggung kerugian kerana kekurangan ilmu tentang pemeliharaan yang betul.

Kepada bakal penternak dapatkan bekalan anak ikan atau benih dari sumber yang sah untuk mengelak daripada ditipu, menanggung kerugian dan seterusnya melemahkan semangat mereka.Pengusaha di Semenanjung Malaysia masih belum memenuhi permintaan yang meningkat ini sementara pengusaha di Sarawak pula masih berjinak-jinak menceburi industri ini.

Bagaimanapun, kita masih belum terlambat. Ikan keli telah mendapat sambutan hangat. Telah diketahui ikan keli kaya dengan kandungan Omega 3 yang cukup tinggi untuk menjaga kesihatan jantung dan minda. Ikan keli merupakan satu-satu nya ikan air tawar yang mempunyai kandungan omega 3 yang tinggi.

Negara jiran kita minta sebanyak 500 tan ikan keli setiap minggu. Permintaan ini belum dapat dipenuhi.

Khasiat ikan keli telah mendapat perhatian syarikat pengeluar dari luar seperti negara Jerman yang mahukan produk ikan keli dijadikan produk kesihatan dalam kapsul.
Mereka yang ingin berjinak-jinak memelihara ikan keli hanya perlu mengeluarkan modal sebanyak RM50 sahaja untuk membeli kanvas lutsinar yang akan dijadikan kolam pemeliharaan ikan mereka.

Kolam kanvas ini berkemampuan menampung sebanyak 5,000 anak ikan keli yang akan membesar selama 90 hari. Setiap ikan keli adalah seberat 250 gram dan kita boleh mendapat 1,000 kilo. Kita anggarkan harga jualan ialah RM5 sekilo dan kita boleh mendapat pendapatan berjumlah RM5,000 dalam 90 hari.
Dari untung yang diperolehi, penternak boleh membeli tangki dijual dengan harga RM240 untuk membolehkan mereka memelihara sebanyak 1,500 ekor ikan keli.
Melihat kepada pemintaan yang semakin meningkat, harga pasaran ikan keli sekarang ialah antara RM8 hingga RM12 sekilo.

Yang penting bagi se-orang usahawan ialah usaha. Bila kita lebih berusaha yang menunggu kita di belakang adalah kejayaan dan kegagalan tidak akan menghampiri kita kerana kita sentiasa berusaha.

Kita hanya akan menempah kegagalan jika usaha kita hangat-hangat tahi ayam sahaja, tegasnya.

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PENTERNAKAN IKAN KELI

Penternakan Ikan Keli

Ikan Keli adalah ikan air tawar yang banyak terdapat di negara-negara ASEAN, khususnya di Malaysia. Di sesetengah tempat khususnya di Selangor, ikan keli disebut sebagai "ikan semilang". Bagi orang Perak, ikan semilang hanya hidup di laut.
Ikan keli boleh didapati di kebanyakan sawah padi, contohnya di Pahang, di Paya Pahang Tua, Mambang, Ganchong dan Paloh Hinai, Pekan. Ia juga banyak terdapat di Tasik Chini, Paya Bungor atau Bera. Keli juga menghuni di kuala anak sungai kecil seperti Sungai Lepar di Paloh Hinai hingga ke Jerantut dan Kuala Lipis, selain di Sungai Bera dan Sungai Serting.

Ikan Keli yang dijual di pasar. Antara jenis-jenis ikan keli yang boleh didapati adalah:-
• Ikan Keli Kayu
• Ikan Keli Bunga
• Ikan Keli Eksotika
• Ikan Keli Limbat
• Ikan Keli Mata Kati
• Ikan Keli Rusia
• Ikan Keli Afrika

Ikan ternakan
Ikan keli boleh dipelihara di dalam kolam besar atau sekadar di dalam kolah. Ia mudah membiak dengan memberi makan reja daging ayam, lemak ayam dan sebagainya. Harga sekilo ikan keli yang sudah disiang hanya RM5.00 di pasar Semenyih.Dalam bahasa Jawa dan di Indonesia pada amnya, ikan keli disebut "ikan lele".

Kepercayaan
Bagi sesetengah tempat khususnya di Hilir Perak dan Kampung Gajah, Perak, ikan keli tidak dimakan atau kurang dimakan kerana kepercayaan 'kuno' ikan keli berasal daripada berudu, iaitu anak katak.

Jika orang mati lemas di Sungai Perak, mayat yang hanyut dan telah reput itu biasanya dimakan oleh ikan keli. Mereka menjumpai dalam mayat tersebut beberapa ekor ikan keli. Mungkin kerana cerita-cerita sebegini, ikan keli 'kurang digemari' di Hilir Perak dan Kampung Gajah, Perak. Sebaliknya di Semenyih, Selangor, ikan keli menjadi hidangan istimewa dalam kenduri keluarga

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A Fish Tank

How to set up an Aquarium or a Fish Tank

An aquarium or fish tank, to put it simply, is a container that can sustain fish and

other aquatic life for a longer period of time. Acquiring a good aquarium for your

fish is not a very difficultjob as long as you give it some thought before you

actually get it.

There are some obvious considerations to be taken into account. Setting up and fully

stocking a good aquarium will take anywhere between a couple of weeks and a month.

The time that you spend with these basic steps will save you a lot of time and

trouble at a later stage.

There are several things to consider before you purchase an aquarium such as :

• How much time you are willing to spend on the aquarium?

• What kind of aquarium do you want to buy?

• What is the ideal spot for your aquarium?

• What kind of fish should you put in your aquarium?

• How do you keep your fish and their environment healthy in the easiest and

quickest way?

• How much time would it all take to maintain?

• What should you feed your fish and how much?

• What should you do when diseases strike?

These are just some of the many questions that you need to think about.


A good and well stocked aquarium needs quite a bit of equipment. Here is a simple

list of the items that you will need for a basic freshwater aquarium:

• An aquarium tank

• An aquarium stand

• A hood

• Lighting equipment

• Air pump

• Heater

• Thermometer

• Filters (internal or external)

• Gravel

• Decorations (optional, but interesting if you have these)

• Maintenance items like scrubber, siphon tube etc.


Choosing a spot for your aquarium

First, you will need to think about how much free space you have for your aquarium,

whether that free space is open to sunlight, and which shape that is best suited for

that free space. Never place an aquarium in direct sunlight and keep the aquarium

away from any heating or cooling surfaces. Sunlight and heating or cooling surfaces

will cause sudden and drastic changes in the temperature within the aquarium, and

sunlight will also promote the growth of algae in the water. Keep your aquarium away

from machines that give out a lot of sound or cause vibration, like the washing

machine, since this will stress the fish.

Water accessibility and easy disposal of dirty water and waste are some other

important factors to consider while selecting a good spot for your aquarium as you

don’t want to run around with buckets of water in your entire house. You will need

to clean and change water at least monthly and better once a week.

So, choose a place where you can work easily and without any interference. In a

family with children, special care has to be taken to keep the aquarium away from

areas of frequent activity. You do not want your children to push or fall on the

aquarium while they play and injure themselves or break the aquarium glass. Any good

home has a certain décor.

While choosing a spot for your aquarium, you must consider whether the general décor

and lighting in the room will make it an attractive place for the new aquarium. Take

the type of biotope you plan to have in your aquarium into consideration when you

decide if an aquarium will work with the décor of the chosen spot. Different types

of biotopes works with different decors.

A saltwater reef aquarium will for instance have a very different look than a well

planted South American biotope. You should also consider that an aquarium is very

heavy so the chosen spot has to be able to support the weight of the aquarium. Any

aquarium over 10 gallons/ 40 L will weigh at

least a hundred and fifty pounds / 70 Kg when filled and decorated. The weight comes

chiefly from the glass and the water, and decoration such as gravel will further add

to this weight. Heavy aquariums will need to be kept on a sturdy stand rather than a

shelf or a desk.


( TO BE CONTINUE )

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